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长征胜利80周年 《红星照耀中国》经典再版
来源: 湖北日报
&&& 美国著名记者埃德加·斯诺所著的《红星照耀中国》，自1937年面世以来，在全世界以近20种文字翻译出版，在中国国内的总发行量已逾200万册。
　　作为对上世纪30年代中国革命真相的真实报道，这本书影响了整整一代中国革命者。恰逢长征胜利80周年，人文社再推此书，得到译者董乐山先生家属的独家授权，在沿用最本始书名的同时，收入了50余 幅 1937年 、1938年、1939年三个版本的珍贵插图。
　　让我们来回顾一下《红星照耀中国》的诞生历程吧。
　　1936年，埃德加·斯诺带着当时无法理解的关于革命与战争，红色政权的建立，苏区的政治、经济、文化，共产党的信仰在现实中的实践等无数问题，冒着生命危险，进入中国西北革命根据地，探寻红色中国。历时4个月，他遍访中国工农红军政权领导毛泽东、朱德，周恩来、彭德怀、徐海东、林伯渠等红军将领和红军普通战士，寻访当地的老百姓，用客观又不乏激情的语言，描述中国青年们所创造的奇迹，第一次向全世界解释了中国革命的原因和目的，也让全世界人民了解红军不可征服的那种精神，那种热情，那种力量，此即著名的《红星照耀中国》。
　　《红星照耀中国》很快就完成了从畅销到经典的过程，先后被译为20多种文字，连日本在1939年也出了日文版，几乎传遍了全世界。很多人通过这本书了解中国的现实和革命。该书不断再版和重印，教育了千百万读者和一代又一代青年，成为家喻户晓的文学作品。无数后来成为中国革命中坚力量的人物，当年都是通过这本书建立起革命的信念的。据说毛泽东一直珍藏一本《红星照耀中国》，反复翻阅，以至于破散到不得不找专人修补的程度。
　　每一版《红星照耀中国》的出版都充满传奇。
　　1938年上海“复社”翻译出版最早的全译本《红星照耀中国》，由于缺少印刷资金，出版前组织者只能通过读者“众筹”的办法多方筹措。有十几位读者每人捐出50元买纸张，另有几十人通过自己的社会关系征集到读者预约金共几百元，作为印刷成本，还有一些人志愿参加义务劳动。在多人的努力下，这部由群众自己组织发行的“复社”版《红星照耀中国》(因政治因素定名为《西行漫记》)在短短一个月的时间就出版了。
　　“复社”版“红星”出版后，立刻引发爆炸性反响，预先发售的购书券被抢购一空，从1938年2月到11月短短10个月的时间内印行了四版，轰动国内甚至国外华侨集聚地。在沦陷区和国民党统治区，很多读者冒着生命危险争相传阅或者辗转传抄，有不少进步青年怀揣此书奔赴延安这个红星升起之地。
　　1976年，著名翻译家董乐山在戈兰茨公司版的基础上翻译本书。由于以前版本涉及到所述事件或历史人物的历史评价问题，1979年董乐山重新翻译《红星照耀中国》，此书据1937年伦敦初版本全文译出，增译了第十一章中第五节的《那个外国智囊》，恢复了在英美风行一时的英文初版本的历史原貌。同时，对英文本中个别史实错误以及人名、地名、书刊名称的拼写错误也作了不少校正。
　　作为国内最忠实于原著的权威译本，董乐山翻译的《红星照耀中国》具有里程碑性质。自出版至今，董译版已累计发行近200万册，是真实记录上世纪30年代中国革命、记录和弘扬红军长征精神的不朽经典。
责编：张晋
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纪念长征胜利80周年&重温斯诺《红星照耀中国》
日08:47&&来源：
人民网北京6月23日电 &为纪念长征胜利八十周年，人文社推出两本长征经典――美国著名记者埃德加斯诺所著的《红星照耀中国》，以及军旅作家王树增长篇纪实文学巨著《长征》（修订版）。
《红星照耀中国》八十年长销不衰
美国著名记者埃德加斯诺所著的《红星照耀中国》，无疑是一部曾经影响了整整一代中国革命者的不朽经典。作为对三十年代中国革命真相的真实报道，自1937年《红星照耀中国》面世以来，它在全世界以近二十种文字翻译出版，几乎传遍了每一个国家和地区，在国内的总发行量已逾200万册。
七八十年前无数热血青年因阅读本书而奔赴延安，走向革命之路，在今天，它仍被奉为新闻采写的“圣经”，是新闻专业学生的必读经典。
1936年，美国著名记者埃德加?斯诺带着当时无法理解的关于革命与战争，红色政权的建立，苏区的政治、经济、文化，共产党的信仰在现实中的实践等无数问题，冒着生命危险，进入中国西北革命根据地，探寻红色中国，历时四个月，遍访中国工农红军政权领导毛泽东、朱德，周恩来、彭德怀、徐海东，林伯渠等红军将领和红军普通战士，寻访当地的老百姓，用客观又不乏激情的语言，描述中国青年们所创造的奇迹，第一次向全世界解释了中国革命的原因和目的，也让全世界人民了解红军不可征服的那种精神，那种热情，那种力量，此即著名的《红星照耀中国》。
由于作者亲历采访人物、现场感真实，强烈的追问意识、深切的情怀和很好的文学性，从1937年初版至今，近八十年来《红星照耀中国》一直被不同时代的读者阅读，它的活力从未衰减过。此次，人民文学出社出版的《红星照耀中国》，就是著名翻译家董乐山译本的全新版。在沿用最本始的书名的同时，收入了五十余幅1937年、1938年、1939年三个版本的插图，极为珍贵。
《长征》《红星照耀中国》两部经典双峰并峙
为纪念长征胜利八十周年，人文社在推出《红星照耀中国》的同时，也隆重推出王树增长篇纪实文学巨著《长征》（修订版）。
王树增《长征》在长征胜利七十周年出版，当年出版了长征书籍370余种，而只有《长征》以其宏大的叙事、激情的抒写，深刻的见解、详实准确的历史资料以及流畅动人的语言风格为读者提供了极佳的阅读感受。当年十月出版，销售了近十万册，出版十年，畅销十年，至今销售五十多万册，《长征》已获全部国家级图书大奖，包括中国出版政府奖?优秀图书奖?优秀装帧设计奖、第十届中宣部精神文明建设“五个一工程奖”、第四届鲁迅文学奖等多项国家级图书奖等。
《红星照耀中国》和《长征》都是历经时间淘洗，备受广大读者推崇的长征读物。两个文本均为弘扬长征精神最权威、最经典的纪实文学作品，它们相互映照，呈现出经典作品的别样光芒。
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纪念红军长征胜利81周年原版英语著作《红星照耀中国》翻译，解析和导读
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21:43 编辑
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &EDGAR SNOW & && && && && && && && && && && && && && & RED STAR& && && && && && && && && && &&&OVER CHINA
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & Revised and Enlarged& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&Edition
& && && && && && && && &&&红星照耀中国
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &修改增补版
& && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&美国著名作家：埃德加﹒斯 诺& && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&中文翻译，解析和导读：余震南& && &
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &PELICAN BOOKS
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&RED STAR OVER CHINA&&
& && &&&Edgar Snow was a native of Missouri who went to the Far East when he was twenty—two. Before writing Red Star over China he had made his home in China for seven years, studied the country and the language, and lectured at YenChing University, where his friends included students who are among China’s leaders today. In Asia he worked for the Chicago Tribune, the New York Sun, the New York Herald Tribune, and the London Daily Herald. During the Second World War he was associate editor and war correspondent of the Saturday Evening Post, and in the post-war era he became the Post’s widely quoted specialist on China, India, and the U.S.S.R. He was the author of several books which include The Battle for Asia, people on our side, Journey to the beginning, and Red China Today: The other side of the River. Edgar Snow died in 1971.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & 鹈鹕图书
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&红星照耀中国
& & 埃德加•斯 诺，美国密苏里州人，22岁便来到远东地区。他写红星照耀中国之前已经在中国生活了7年，认知中国，学习汉语并在燕京大学讲课。斯 诺在燕京大学的同学中有不少成为了当今中国领导人物。他在亚洲为芝加哥论坛报、纽约论坛报和伦敦每日先锋报工作。第二次世界大战期间他做了星期六晚邮报的助理编辑以及战地记者。战后斯 诺在晚邮报的报道最为广泛地被中国、印度和苏联引用。斯 诺也写了很多部书籍，其中包括《亚洲战事》，《站在我们一边的人民》，《向着始发地的旅行》，《今日红色中国》以及《河岸的另一边》。埃德加•斯 诺于1971年逝世。
本帖最后由 九州方圆 于
15:48 编辑
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&Introduction
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & By Dr John K. Fairbank
& && && &Red Star over China is a classic because of the way in which it was produced. Edgar Snow was just thirty and had spent seven years in China as a journalist. In 1936 the Chinese Communists had just completed their successful escape from South—East China to the North—West, and were embarking upon their united—front tactic. They were ready to tell their story to outside world. Snow had the capacity to report it. Readers of the book today should be aware of this combination of factors.
& && &&&Edgar Snow was born in Kansas City in 1905, his forebears having moved westward by degrees from North Carolina to Kentucky and then into Kansas Territory. In 1928 he started around the world. He reached ShangHai, became a journalist, and did not leave the Far East for thirteen years. Before he made his trip to report the Chinese Communists, he had toured through famine districts in the North—West, traversed the route of the Burma Road ten years before it was operating, reported the undeclared war at ShangHai in 1932, and became a friend of Mme Sun and had met numerous Chinese intellectuals and writers. Settling in Peking in 1932, he and his wife lived near YenChing University, one of the leading Christian colleges which had been built up under American missionary auspices. As energetic and wide—awake young Americans, the Snows had become widely acquainted with the Chinese student movement against Japanese aggression in late 1935. They had studied Chinese and developed a modest fluency in speaking. In addition to publishing his account of the Japanese aggression, Far Eastern Front, Edgar Snow had also edited a collection of translations of modern Chinese short stories, living China.
& && && &Thus in the period when the Japanese expansion over Manchuria and into North China dominated the headlines, this young American had not only reported the events of the day but had got behind them into some contact with the minds and feelings of Chinese patriotic youth. He had proved himself a young man of broad human sympathy, aware of the revolutionary stirrings among China’s intellectuals, and able to meet them with some elementary activist, ready to encourage worthy causes rather than be a purely passive spectator. Most of all, he had proved himself a zealous factual reporter. Most of all, he had proved himself a zealous factual reporter, able to appraise the major trends of the day and describe them in vivid color for the American reading public.
& && && & In 1936 he stood on the western frontier of the American expansion across the Pacific towards Asia, which had reached its height after a full century of American commercial, diplomatic, American contact with the treaty ports, where foreigners still retained their special privileges. Missionaries had inspired and aided the first efforts at modernization. In the early 1930s American foundations and missionaries both were active in the movement for ‘rural reconstruction’, the remarking of village life through the application of scientific technology to the problems of the land. At the same time, Chinese students trained in the United States and other Western countries stood in the forefront of those modern patriots who were becoming increasingly determined to resist Japanese aggression at all costs. Western-type nationalism thus joint Western technology as a modern force in the Chinese scene, and both had been stimulated by the American contact.
& && && & Despite all these developments, however, the grievous problems of China’s peasant villages had only begun to be attacked under the aegis of the new Nationalist Government at NanKing. Harassed by Japanese aggression, Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang were absorbed in a defense effort which centered in the coastal treaty ports and lower YangTze provinces, with little thought or motive for revolutionary change in the rural countryside. Meanwhile, in 1936, the Chinese Communists were known generally as ‘Red bandits’ and no Western observer had direct contact with their leadership or reported it to the outside world. With the hindsight of a third of a century, it may seem to us now almost incredible that so little could have been known about Mao Tsetung and the movement which he headed. The Chinese Communist Party had a history of fifteen years when Edgar Snow journeyed to its headquarters, but the disaster which had overtaken it in the 1920s had left it in a precarious state of weakness.
& && && & When he set out for the blocked Red area in the North—West in June 1936, with an introduction from Mme Sun Yat-sen, he had an insight into Chinese conditions and the sentiments of perceiving the powerful appeal which the Chinese Communist movement was still in the process of developing. Through the good will of the Manchurian army forces at Sian, who were psychologically prepared for some kind of united front with the communists, Snow was able to cross the lines, reach the communists, Snow was able to cross the lines, reach the Communists capital, then at Pao An(even further in the North—West than the later capital at Yenan), and meet Mao Tse-tung just at the time when Mao was prepared to put himself on record.
& && && & Snow came out of the blocked Red area in October 1936, after spending four months there and taking down Mao-Tse-tung’s own story of his life as a revolutionist. He gave his eye-opening story to the press in articles, and finished Red Star over China on the basis of his notes in July 1937.
& && && & The remarkable thing about Red Star over China was that it not only gave the first connected history of Mao and his colleagues and where they had come from, but it also gave a prospect of the future of this little—known movement which was to prove disastrously prophetic. It is very much to the credit of Edgar Snow that this book has stood the test of time on both these counts—as a historical record and as an indication of a trend.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &作品介绍& && && && && && && && && && && && &&&由约翰·费尔班克博士撰稿& & 《红星照耀中国》因其创作方式之独特成为了一部经典。当时埃德加·斯 诺刚刚30岁却作为一名记者已在中国生活了5年。1936年中国共产党领导的红军刚刚胜利完成了为实现抗日统一战线由东南向西北的战略大转移。他们已做好了向世界宣传长征的准备。斯 诺有这样的报道能力，当今的读者理应知道这些整合起来的方方面面的事。& & 埃德加·斯 诺出生于1905年美国的堪萨斯城，他的祖先在西进运动中逐步从北卡罗莱那移居到肯德基又从肯德基移居到了堪萨斯。1928年斯 诺开始了世界之旅。他来到上海成为一名新闻记者，之后13年都没有离开过远东地区。斯 诺成行去报道中国共产党之前曾经穿越过大西北的饥荒区，在滇缅公路完工前十年就跋涉了那一带。他还报道了1932年上海的不宣而战，成为宋庆龄的朋友也会见了许多中国知识分子以及作家。1932年斯 诺在北京定居，他和妻子居住于燕京大学附近。燕京大学是一所由美国传教士资助的在中国占据引领地位的教会学院。作为一名精力充沛的觉醒的美国人，斯 诺对1935年中国学生抗日救亡运动广为了解。斯 诺夫妇学习了中文，能较为流利地用中文讲话。在中国生活期间，斯 诺除了发布日军侵华报道和远东前线报道以外还编辑翻译了一系列中国现代短篇故事。 & &&&那一时期关于日本在满洲和华北军事扩张之报道占满了各类报刊的标题，这名美国青年不仅报道当初时事也深入幕后接触中国爱国青年的思想情感。斯 诺证明了自己是一名具有广泛人类同情心的年轻人，他了解中国知识份子的革命动机，能同其间的一些积极分子会面，鼓励其中有价值的事业而并非只被动当当听众。最重要的在于，他证实了自己是一名尊重事实的热心报道者，能够判断出时下中国之主要社会倾向并以生动语言向美国国内读者展现。& & 1936年斯 诺站在美国亚太西进扩张的最前沿。美利坚经过一个世纪的商务和外交行为，这一扩张已达到高峰。该国同当时的国内通商口岸接触，外国人在那些口岸依旧享有特别权益。19世纪30年代初期，美国基金会和传教士团队正热衷于“农村现代化建设”，通过推广科学技术重建乡村生活解决本土矛盾。同时在欧美留学的中国学生也站在不顾一切日益坚定抵抗日本侵华之当代爱国青年的最前列。中国出现了西方民族主义形式和西方科技相结合的现代力量。这两个方面都通过同美国的接触得到了激化。& & 尽管发生了这一切进展，南京国民党政府庇护之下中国农村农民的苦难又被进一步加深。日本侵华搅扰下，蒋介石以及国民党政权全力以赴防卫口岸地区和扬子江下游省份，很少想到农村地区的革命变化及革命动机。1936年期间中国共产党在总体上被认为是“红色匪寇”并没有西方观察家直接同他们的领袖接触，亦没有向世界报道他们。回想20世纪近前三分之一时间，难以置信的是人们对**知之甚少，对**领导的革命运动知之甚少。斯 诺走进其总部时，当时的中国共产党仅仅才有15年历史。然而19世纪20年代的大劫难给他们留下了难言之孱弱。& & 1936年6月当斯 诺通过宋庆龄引荐启程去西北红色禁区时，他审视了中国国内形势，强烈地预感到中国的共产主义运动正在不断壮大过程之中。在西安东北军的善意之下，斯 诺被允许跨越禁区抵达保安。当时东北军正在心里酝酿着同共产党部队的某种抗日统一战线。保安坐落于后来红色首都延安之西北，斯 诺在**准备于历史上留下印迹之时同他见了面。 & & 1936年10月斯 诺走出了红色禁区。那四个月之内斯 诺记下了**作为一名革命家的故事。随后他在报纸上发布了令人大开眼界的故事，也根据纪录于1937年完成了《红星照耀中国》这部著作。& & 《红星照耀中国》这部作品最为显著之处在于它不仅给出了**与其革命同志的第一手历史资料，而且还对当时不为人所知之革命运动其未来做出了令人震惊的准确预测。斯 诺的享誉在于这部作品不仅经历了历史的考验而不衰，还因其对历史动向的预示经久不衰。
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & & && &Preface to the Revised Edition& && &&&Travels andevents described in this book took place in 1936 and 1937 and the manuscript was completed in July 1937, to the sound of gunfire by Japanese Troops outside the walls of Peking, where I lived. Those gunsalso heralded the ultimate Communist victory in China which profoundly altered the balanced of power, both inside and outside what was formerly called ‘the Communist camp’& && &&&In time and space this report concerned an isolated fighting force in an area far removed from the West on the eve of its greatest catastrophe. The League of Nations had been destroyed when it failed to halt Japan’sconquest of Manchuria in 1931-3. In 1936 theWestern ‘Allies’ permitted Hitler, still a cardboard Napoleon, to reoccupy the Rhineland without a fight. They impotently watched Mussolini seize Ethiopia.They then imposed an arms embargo against Spain under the hypocrisy of neutralism, which denied the Republic the means to defend itself against reactionary generals led by Franco, who had the open support of thousands ofimported Nazi and Fascist troops and planes. They thus encouraged Hitler and Mussolinito form an alliance ostensibly aimed at Russiabut clearly intended to subjugate all of Western Europe.In 1938 Hitler was allowed to subjugate all of Western Europe. In 1938 Hitler was allowed to swallow Austria. He wasthen rewarded, by Chamberlain and Daladier, with Czechoslovakia as the price of ‘peacein our time’. In compensation they soon received the Hitler-Stalin pact. Such was the internationalenvironment of Chinawhen this journey was undertaken. Domestic conditions inside thatdisintegrating society are defined in the text. In 1936 I had already lived in China for sevenyears and I had, as a foreign correspondent, travelled widely and acquired someknowledge of the language. This was my longest piece of reportage on China. If ithad enjoyed a more useful life than most journalism it is because it was notonly a ‘scoop’ of perishable news but likewise of many facts of durablehistory. It won sympathetic attention also perhaps because it was a time whenthe Western powers, in self-interest, were hoping for a miracle in China. They dreamedof a new birth of nationalism that would keep Japan so bogged down that shewould never be able to turn upon the Western colonies—her true objectives. RedStar over Chinatended to show that the Chinese Communists could indeed provide thatnationalist leadership needed for effective anti-Japanese resistance. Howdramatically the United&&States’ policy-** attitudes have alteredsince then is suggested by recalling that condensations of this reportoriginally appeared in the Saturday Evening Post and Life magazine.& && &&&Other circumstances contributed to prolong the utility of this book. I had found MaoTse-tung and other leaders at an especially favorable moment, in a lull between long years of battle. They gave me a vast amount of their time, and with unprecedented frankness provided more personal and impersonal information than any one foreign scribe could fully absorb. After my second visit to see Mao Tse-tung,in 1939, all the Red bases in North-West China were blocked by national troops,in their rear, and cut off by Japanese occupation around the guerrilla areas. For another five years, while no foreign newsmen were able to reach Yenan, the Red capital, these reports remained a unique source. & && &&&Much of this work is history seen from a partisan point of view, of course, but it ishistory as lived by the men and women who made it. It provide not only fornon-Chinese readers, but also for the entire Chinese people—including all butthe Communist leaders themselves—the first authentic account of the Chinese CommunistsParty and the first connected story of their long struggle to carry through the most thoroughgoing social revolution in China’s three millenniums of history. Manyeditions were published in China,and among the tens of thousands of copies of the Chinese translations some wereproduced entirely in guerrilla territory.& && &&&I do not flatter myself that I had much to do with imparting to this volume such lessons of international application as may be drawn from it. For many pages I simply wrote down what I was told by the extraordinary young men and women with whomit was my privilege to live at the age of thirty, and from whom I learned(orhad the chance to learn) a great deal. & && &&&In 1937, whenRed Star over China firstappeared, in England,there were practically no sources of documentation for most of the materialpresented here. Today many foreign China specialists—helped or led byChinese scholars of different political colorations—have produced dozens ofworks of varying importance and quality. With an abundance of now informationavailable, aided by my own and other’s wisdom of hindsight, many improvements mightbe made in the text to minimize its limitations—and yet deprived it of whateveroriginal value it may posses. Therefore it was my intention to leave it asfirst written except corrections of typographical errors and mistakes ofspelling or of factual detail. That hope has not proved wholly practicable anddepartures from its fulfillment are acknowledged below.& && &&&Since the RedStar over China was completed under conditions of war I did not have the opportunity to see or correct galley proofs of the first edition. Nor have I been able to do so with subsequent editions until now. In extenuation for one kind of mistake: my handwritten field notes contained many names previously unknown to me, and Icould not always get them down in Chinese characters. Phonetic translationsinto English result in misspelling as judged by Wade-Giles standards. Thesehave now been (I hope) uniformly corrected. & && &&&Aside from that kind of conformance I have widely altered former present-tense verbs to pasttense in order to eliminate many seeming anachronisms and make the story moreaccessible to contemporary readers. Where the book quotes or paraphrases thetestimony of others, the wording of the original text had generally beenpreserved—to avoid tampering with a priori history material—even when itconflicts with more believable information now available. In a few instanceswhere secondary material has been proved manifestly inaccurate I have cut orcorrected, rather than perpetuate known errors. In either case readers mayrefer to the Biographical Notes or the Notes to this edition to supplement ormodify some textual facts or opinions. Here and there (with a certain macabresense of looking backwards on myself) I have reworked lines which the passageof time—or murky writing in the first instance—has made unintelligible to me. Thegreat bulk of the volume, all the happenings, the main travel notes,interviews, and biographies—including Mao Tse-tung’s remain intact.& && &&&Such libertiesas I have taken in shortening, condensing, or discarding tedious accounts of afew matters no longer of importance helped to make room for the chronology, andepilogue, new foot-notes, some heretofore unpublished documents, chaptercommentaries, and some fascinating lessons of history in the form of biographicalsequels to the early life stories of the truly extra ordinary people firstintroduced here. Cuts of paragraphs and even whole pages necessitated composingnew transitional passages. Such ‘spin-ins’ are confined to knowledge availableto me no later than 1937, and the same applies to page footnotes—but not to theend-of-book materials, of course.& && &&&Doubtless thistome would not have suffered (and the reader would have profited) if I had omitted several whole chapters. Revision was not easy, and I dare say someoneless connected with the subject could have done it with less pain to himselfand with more grace for the reader. & && &&&And so,salutations and thanks to all persons mentioned in this book for their help and permission to use their remarks and photographs, especially Mao Tse- toJohn Fairbank, for taking one more look at to Peter J.Seybolt for a reappraisal against a background of far wider perspective than wecould
to Enrica Collotti Puschel, for pains-takingscholarship in translating into Italian and bringing up to date the 1965edition (Stella rossa sulla Cina.) which
and to MaryHeathcot, Trudie Schafer, and Lois Wheeler for assistance and encouragement ingeneral.
& && && && && && && && && && && && & Geneva, 14 February 1968&&& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&EdgarSnow.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&&&修订版前言& & 本书所描述的事件和旅途跋涉都发生在1936年和1937年。草稿1937年7月在日寇于北京城外的枪炮声中完工。当时我就住在北京。这些枪炮声也预示着共产主义在中国的最后胜利将会来临，这一胜利也根本性地改变了国内外力量之平衡。这种力量起先被称为“共产主义营地”。& & 在全民族大劫难来临之前夜，报道中涉及的时间和领域都与一支远离西方独立战斗的力量相关。1931年3月，国联未能阻止日本征服满洲的行动从而崩溃。1936年，西方盟国允许希特勒—那个当时还是纸糊的拿破仑—不费一枪一弹地占领莱茵兰地区。它们还无能为力眼睁睁地看着墨索里尼侵占埃塞俄比亚。随后西方在假惺惺的中立主义旗号下对西班牙实行武器禁运。这一举措使得西班牙共和国失去了抵御保守派领袖佛朗哥领导下的将领们发动武装进攻的能力。佛朗哥则公开引入了数以千计的纳粹军队和战机。如此，西方事实上鼓励了希特勒和墨索里尼以表面上对抗苏俄本质上要征服整个西欧的意图结盟。1938年希特勒被允许吞并奥地利，随后这个大**者又被张伯伦和达拉第“授予”捷克斯洛伐克用来奖励“我们这个时代的和平共处”。作为“报答”西方也很快收到了《苏德互不侵犯条约》。& & 这就是我开始旅程时中国所处的国际环境。至于造成国内社会**的环境则在正文中给予了定义。到1936年我已经在中国居住了7年，作为一名外国记者广泛地旅行了这个国家并学会一些汉语。这是一篇我最长的中国报道。如果说我的新闻事业要比大多数新闻事业都更加有意义的话，那是因为我不仅仅停留在对转瞬即逝事件的报道上，还挖掘经久的历史事实。我的事业得到了认同性的关注，也许还因为西方势力本着自私自利立场正希望在中国发生奇迹。它们希望新生的中国民族主义势力能使日本陷入困境从而不再对其殖民地下手—这才是西方的真正目的。《红星照耀中国》想要展现的是中国共产党将会在实际上成为民族主义领袖以提供有效的抗击日本势力效用。美利坚合众国的政治倾向发生了如此戏剧性转变，以至建议要将已经冷下来的在星期六晚邮报和《生活杂志》上刊登过的这篇报道重新唤醒。& & 还有其它方面的原因导致本书之效用被延长了。我在一个极为讨人欢喜的时刻找到了**和其他红色领袖，他们正处在长年战事的休整期。他们给了我极为充裕的时间，以闻所未闻的坦诚向我们提供了公私两方面的信息，多到一名外国速记员无法全部吸收的地步。1939年我第二次会见**以后，大西北的所有红色根据地都在背后被国民党部队阻断了，游击区也被日寇分割包围。之后的五年没有外国记者能够抵达红色首都延安，从而我的这些报道就成为了独家信息。& & 这部作品大部分观点当然都来自党派视角，但也是创造这一历史的男人们和女人们的生活。这部作品不仅为非领导集团而且为整个非党员中国民众提供了第一手真实的党的故事，也提供了中华历史三千年以来最深入社会革命斗争历程最直接而真实的故事。本书在中国已发行了多个版本，数万本中译本都是游击区印刷出来的。& & 我并不想自我标榜赋予了这本书如何的国际推介力，使其得到如何的国际引用。书中很多页只不过是我记录下的那些在我三十岁时与之共处非凡男女的真实谈话。从那些谈话中我学到了或者说有机会学到很多东西。& & 1937年，当《红星照耀中国》第一次在英国出版发行时，这些资料中大多数内容都在当时闻所未闻。如今，中外很多专家在不同政治派别中国国内学者的领导或帮助下创作了数十篇不同重要性和质量的作品。有了大量的现存信息又通过我自己和他人的回忆，作品有很多地方能够加以改进从而减少其局限性—然而已丢失了作品原先具有的原始价值。因此我主张保持原来的面貌仅仅做一些排版错误和文字错误校勘，而这一主张并没有得到完全实现。以下对其偏离做出确认：& & 因为《红星照耀中国》是在战争状态下完成的，我没有机会查看或校勘第一版印刷，也没有机会校勘后来的几个版本，直至如今。为了减少其中的一种错误—我的战地笔记含有许多过去自己熟悉的名字，隔了这么长时间不能完全用中文写下来。用韦德姓氏标准衡量英语语音上的翻译会导致拼写错误。我希望现在能统一校勘。& & 除了这方面的不一致性外，我还广泛地将动词的一般现在时改成了过去时以避免在时代上的误解，以使得故事能更加适应当代读者。书中引用或解释他人证言之时，通常保留着原本的措词以防篡改原始历史材料—即便那些话同现存可信信息相互冲突。一些地方当证实第二手资料的不确实性后，我删除或修正了过来而不是去保留已知的错误。不管从哪一方面讲，读者可以参阅传记笔记或本版笔记以补充或修正一些文本或观点。不断有些地方我重新组织了句子，因为时间长了记不清或有些笔记变得模糊不清难以辨认。这一大本书中所有一切均保留着原来的风貌：事件、主要旅行笔记、访谈和传记，其中包括**的。& &我所从事的对一些非重要事件内容之缩略和删减有助于形成大事年表概念。结束语、新注脚、一些至今未公开的文件、章节评论和一些关于普通人生活的传记体延续的引人历史教训，这一切都首次公开了。有时需要段落剪辑甚至几页几页重新编辑来组建新的过渡型章节。这样的组合仅限于1937年以前认知的情节。同样手法也运用在页面脚注上—当然并没有用在本书的结束语上。& & 毫无疑问，我删减了几个章节后，这一大本书并没有因此而受到妨害（人们因此而得益）。改版并不是一件容易的事情。我敢说如果是一些同此事并没有什么关联的人，他做这样的删减会更加容易，舍不得也更少，从而对读者产生更大的好处。& & 我也藉此向一切与本书相关的人物致敬并表示感谢：感谢他们给予的帮助，谢谢他们允许使用他们的评论和照片。特别鸣谢**、约翰·菲尔班克愿意再多看一眼自己走过的足迹。感谢彼得·塞尔伯特能以比我们更加广阔的眼光审视19世纪30年代。感谢艾瑞克·克劳迪·普斯基儿付出艰苦努力翻译成意大利语呈现出1965年版的《红星照耀中国》，还厚斯特拉·罗萨对这一努力的激励。还要感谢玛丽·黑斯考特，楚地·费尔和路易斯威勒他们给予的协助和总体上的激励。& && && && && && && && && && && && && & 日& &日内瓦& && && && &&&埃德加·**& && && && &
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & Preface to the Pelican Edition&&
& && &&&After the first removed and enlarged (1968) edition of this book appeared I was able to return to China (August 1970—February 1971). Now the opportunity arises to make limited modifications and additions to the text which are to be found mainly in the Notes and Appendices. One result of Great Proletarian Culture Revolution was to make available rich if largely still unevaluated material relating to the period originally covered by my first report. It would be impossible to incorporate in this single volume everything relevant to the subject and epoch which is now known, of course. I have had to content myself with merely indicating a few selected new sources which may assist the reader in a search for further knowledge opened by a rapidly expanding world of historical revelation.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & E. S.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &August 1971
& && && &&&
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&鹈鹕版前言
& & 1968年第一版经过增删的《红星照耀中国》面市以后我获许返回中国，从1970年8月一直停留到1971年2月。而今对那些原先主要是笔记和目录的文本有机会进行有限改动和增补。**为我原先报道的时段提供了现成的丰富素材，如果说其中大部分素材都还未经证实却也够丰富的。当然，仅仅这一本书就将同主题与当时的时代相关之所有已知内容并入实无可能。我曾满足于标注一些筛选出来的新材料，这些材料可能有助于读者借用日益迅速开启的世界历史真相之大门进一步探究相关学问。
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & 埃德加·**
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & Chronology of the Chinese Revolution&&& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &1. Last Days of the Monarchy1840—42: The ‘Opium Wars’,during which Great Britainforcibly opens Chinato foreign trade. They are followed by the granting of territorial concessionsand rights of inland navigation and missionary activity. The British takeHongKong.1860: China accepts Russian annexation of eastern Siberia. 1864:Near-victorious ‘T’ai-p’ing(Great Peace) Rebellion crushed by Sino-Manchu forces under General TsengKuo-fan, helped by British army regulars and mixed European and American mercenaries.Chinese revolution ‘postponed sixty years’. Following French penetration andseizure of Indochina (1862), encroachmentsincreasingly reduce the Manchu—Chinese Empire to semi-colonial status.1866: Sun Yat-sen (founderof Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, 1912) born in Kwantungprovince.1868: Czarist Russia annexes Bokharaand begins penetration towards Chinese Turkestan.1869: Suez Canal completed.1870: Lenin born1874: Churchill born.1879: Ch’en Tu-hsiu (firstgeneral secretary, 1921—7, of Kungch’antang, or Chinese Communist Party) bornin AnHuiprovince. Rapid expansion of French and British colonial empires in Africa.1883—85: Franco—ChineseWar. Chinese troops in Indochina, defending Peking’sclaim to suzerainty there, are defeated. Francealso acquires new territorial-political concessions in China. Britain ends China’ssuzerainty in Burma.1889: Cecil Rhodesestablishes British South African Company.1893: Mao Tse-tung born in Hunan province. France extends its Indochinese colonial power toLaos and Cambodia.1894: Sino-Japanese War. China forced to cede Taiwan(Formosa) to Japan and abandon ancient claims to suzeraintyover Korea.1898: ‘Hundred Days Reform’under Emperor Kuang Hsu. Empress Dowager Tz’u Hsi imprisons Kuang Hsu andreturns to power, to remain real ruler till her death (1909). United States defeats Spain,takes Philippines.1899: ‘Open Door’ doctrineproclaimed by USA; ‘equalopportunity’ for foreign powers in the economic and commercial ‘development’ ofChina.1900: So-called BoxerRebellion. Anti-Foreign uprising. Allied reprisals include mass executions,crushing indemnities, new concessions, legalized foreign garrisons betweenTientsin and Peking, etc. Czarist Russia takesChina’s port of Talien (Dairen), builds naval base (Port Arthur), acquiresrailway concessions across China’s three north—eastern provinces (Manchuria).Mao Tse-tung works as laborer on his father’s farm. 1902: Anglo—Japanese alliance.1904—05: Russia—JapaneseWar. Japan gets Port Arthur, Dairen, Russia’s concessions in South Manchuria (China), andadditional ‘rights’. Dr Sun Yat-sen forms revolutionary Alliances Society in Tokyo. 1905: First RussianRevolution.1911: Republican revolution(the ‘First Revolution’) overthrows Manchu power in Central and South China. At NanKing, Sun Yat-sen declared presidentof provincial government, first Chinese Republic. Student MaoTse-t resigns after six months, thinking ‘revolution over’
&&& && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&中国革命大事年表& && && && && && && && && && && && && & 1.中国封建王朝的最后时日1840年至1842年：鸦片战争中大不列颠帝国强行开放了中国的对外贸易门户。紧接着清政府在领土、内河航运权和传教活动上进行了让步。大不列颠占领香港。1860年：中国认可沙俄吞并东西伯利亚。1864年：快要取得最后胜利的太平天国农民革命运动被曾国藩领导下的满汉联军打败，联军中还混杂着英国正规军、欧洲混成军团和美利坚雇佣军。中国革命为此延迟了60年。1852年法兰西渗透入侵并掌控印度**，入侵大大削弱了满汉政权使其降格为半殖民地状态。1866年：1912年创立中国国民党的领袖孙中山在广东诞辰。 1868年：沙皇俄国吞并布哈拉，渗透入**厥斯坦。1869年：苏伊士运河完工。1870年：列宁诞辰。1874年：丘吉尔诞辰。1879年：1921年7月创建中国共产党的党总书记陈独秀在安徽诞辰。英法帝国在非洲的殖民地急速扩张。1883年至1885年：中法战争爆发。中国在印度**保卫北京领主权的军队被打败。法国也获得了中方作为让步认可的新领地。英国终止了清廷在缅甸的宗主权。1889年：英国南部非洲公司在西塞尔·罗兹岛建立。1893年：**在湖南诞生。法国扩张了其在印度**老挝和柬埔寨的殖民地。1894年：中日战争爆发，清廷割让台湾放弃了历古以来对高句丽的宗主权。1898年：光绪操纵下的百日维新失败，慈禧太后软禁光绪帝恢复了王权。直到1909年驾崩她都保有帝位。美利坚合众国打败西班牙夺取了菲律宾列岛。1899年美国宣布了在中国的“门户开放政策”提出各国在中国商业和经济发展地带的“贸易机会平等”。 1900年：发生了所谓的“义和拳”运动—一项反抗外国人的起义。盟军通过大**和高额索赔进行报复。新的让步使得外**队进驻平津合法化。沙俄占领了中国的大连，在那里建造海军基地亚瑟港，还获取了在东北三省满洲地区修建铁路的权力。**此时正在父亲的农庄上劳作。1902年：英日同盟建立。1904年至1905年：日俄战争爆发，日本夺取了大连的亚瑟港。沙俄在南满做出让步，日获得南满治外法权。孙逸仙在东京成立同盟会。1905年：俄国首次爆发革命。1911年：第一次国民革命推翻了满清在中原和华南的统治。孙中山在南京省政府宣布就任国民政府大总统。这是中国第一个共和政体。**作为一名学生参加了革命军。六个月后又辞职反思革命。
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & 2. The Republic and the Warlords (1912—27)
1912: Rulers of Manchu Dynasty formally abdicate. Sun Yat-sen resigns in favor of Yuan Shih-K’ai, as president of the Republic of China. Peking is its capital. Koumintang (Nationalists) dominates first parliament, forms cabinet. Italy takes Libya.
1912—14: Provisional constitution and parliament suspected by militarist Yuan Shih-k’ai, who becomes dictator. Japan imposes ‘Twenty-one Demands’, their effect to reduce China to vassal state. Yuan Shi-k’ai accepts most of the demands. Cabinet resigns. European war begins. Japan seizes Tsingtao, German colony in China. Mao first studies books by Western scholars.
1915: New Youth (Hsin Ch’ing-nien) magazine, found by Ch’en Tuhsiu, becomes focus of revolutionary youth, and popularizes written vernacular (pai-hua) death knell of Confucian classicism. Mao Tse-tung becomes New Youth contributor, under pseudonym. Yuan Shih-k’ai attempts to re-establish monarchy, with himself as emperor.
1916: Second (Republican) Revolution: overthrow of ‘Emperor’ Yuan Shih-K’ai by ‘revolt of the generals’ led by Tsai O. Nullification of Yuan’s acceptance of Japan’s “Twenty-one Demands’. Era of warlords begins.
1917: Peking ‘shadow government’ declares war on Germany. Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen, heading separate provisional regime in Canton, also declares war. In Hunan, Mao Tse-tung becomes cofounder of radical youth group, New People’s Study Society. The October Revolution occurs in Russia.
1918: End of First World War. Mao Tse-tung graduates from Hunan First Normal School, aged twenty-five. He visits P becomes assistant to Li Ta-Chao, liberation of Peking University. Li TaChao and Ch’en Tu-hsui establish Marxist study society, which Mao joins. All three later become founders of Chinese Communist Party.
: 175,000 laborers sent ove 400 ‘Work-study’ students to ShangHai. Back in Hunan, Mao founds Hsiang Chiang Review, anti-imperialist, antimilitarists, pro-Russian Revolution.
1919: May Fourth Movement. Nationwide student demonstrations against Versailles Treaty award of Germany’s China concessions to Japan. Beginning of modern nationalist movement. Hungarian (Bela Kun) Communist-led social revolution suppressed.
1920: Mao Tse-tung organizes Hunan Branch of Socialist Youth C among its members, Liu Shao-Ch’i. Mao marries Yang K’ai-hui, daughter of his esteemed ethics professor at normal school. Mao helps found Cultural Book Study Society. League of Nations established.
1921: Chinese Communist Party formally organized at First Congress, Shanghai. M is chosen secretary of CP of Hunan. Ts’ai Ho-sen, Chou En-lai, and others form Communist Youth League in Paris. Revolution in Mongolia.
1922: Sun Yat-sen agrees with Lenin’s representative to accept Soviet aid and form united front with CCP; Communist Youth may now hold joint membership in Kuomintang. Led by Sun. Washing-ton Conference restores Germany’s colony to China.
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1923: Agreement between Sun Yat-sen and Adolf Joffe provides basis for KMT-CCP-CPSU alliance. At Third Congress of CCP, in Canton, Mao Tse-tung elected to Central Committee and chief of organization bureau.
1924: First Congress of Kuomingtang approves admission of Communists. Mao Tse-tung elected an alternate member, Central Executive Committee, Kuomintang. Lenin dies.
1925: Mao returns to Hunan, organizes peasant support for Nationalist (Liberation) Expedition. Writes his first ‘classic’, Analysis of classes in Chinese Society (Published 1926). Sun Yat-sen dies. Russian advisers choose Chiang Kai-shek as commander-in-chief. ‘Universal suffrage’ in Japan.
1926: Nationalist Revolutionary Expedition launched from Canton under supreme military command of Chiang Kai-shek. Mao, back in Canton, becomes deputy director Kuomintang Peasant Bureau and Peasant Movement Training I he heads agit-prop department. Nationalist-Communist-led Indonesian revolution suppressed by Dutch.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&2.民国和军阀混战时期1912年：满清王朝统治者退位。为迎合袁世凯，孙逸仙辞去**大总统职位。民国定都北京。国民党在第一议会占多数席位，获得组阁权。埃及占领了利比亚。1912年至1914年：军阀袁世凯开始怀疑临时宪法和议会，成为**者。日本强加了21条。21条的实施将中国降格到附庸国地位。袁世凯接受了21条中大多数条款。内阁解散。第一次世界大战欧战开始。日本夺取了德国在中国的殖民地—青岛。**第一次学习西方学者的著书。1915年：陈独秀创刊《新青年》杂志。杂志聚焦革命青年，普及白话文写作，敲响了孔教的丧钟。**成为了《新青年》的匿名攥稿人。袁世凯试图恢复君主立宪制，自己当皇帝。1916年：护国运动开始，蔡锷领导反叛将领推翻了袁世凯。废弃袁世凯接受的21条。军阀混战时期开始。1917年：北京“影子政府”对德宣战。孙逸仙大元帅在广州领导了分立政权，同样宣战。**在湖南成为激进青年—新人类社的创始人之一。俄国爆发十月革命。1918年：第一次世界大战结束。**于湖南第一师范学院毕业，时年25岁。他走访了北京成为北京大学革命者陈独秀的助手。李大钊和陈独秀成立了马克思主义研究社，**加入这一组织。三人后来成为了中国共产党的奠基人。1918年至1919年：17万5千劳工赶赴海外支援盟军。400名勤工俭学的学生来到上海。**回湖南创刊《湘江评论》以反帝国主义，反军阀，支持俄国十月革命。1919年：五四运动爆发。全国学生**游行抗议《凡尔赛》条约将德国在华利益转让给日本。现代民族主义运动发生。匈牙利共产党领导的社会革命遭到**。1920年：**组织了社会主义青年团的湖南分支，团员中有**。**同他敬重的师范学校伦理学教师的女儿，杨开慧结婚。**协助创办了文化图书学习社。国联成立。1921年：中国共产党在上海召开了第一次代表大会。**参加了会议，成为党的湖南省书记。蔡和森，周恩来等人在巴黎成立了共产主义青年团。蒙古爆发革命。1922年：孙逸仙认同了列宁派出代表之建议，接受了苏联援助，同中国共产党建立统一战线。共产主义青年可同时加入孙逸仙领导的国民党。《华盛顿协定》恢复了德国在华殖民地。
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && & 3. 中国大革命时期& && && && && && && && && && && && && && &1923年7月国共统一战线1923年：孙逸仙同阿尔道夫·阿布拉莫维奇的协议为国民党—中共—苏共联盟奠定基础。在广东举行的共产党第三届代表大会上**当选为中央政治局主要成员。1924年：国民党一大认可吸纳共产党员。**当选为国民党候补委员和中央执行委员会委员。列宁逝世。1925年：**回到湖南，组织湖南农民支援北伐。1926年**出版了第一本著作《中国各社会阶级分析》。孙中山逝世。苏联顾问选了蒋介石做总司令。日本遭受大萧条。1926年：在蒋介石总司令领导下，国民革民军在广东发动了北伐远征。**回到广东，成为广东农会和农**动培训机构的副主任。他领导着宣传部。印尼共产主义运动被荷兰人**。
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4. First Communist-Nationalist Civil War (1927—37)1927: Stalin victoriousover Trotsky. In March, Mao Tse-tung publishes his Report of an Investigationinto the Peasant Movement in H calls poor peasants ‘main force’ ofrevolution, demands confiscation of landlords’ land. Thesis rejected byCommunist Party Central Committee. In April, Chiang Kai-shek leadsanti-Communist coup, ‘beheads Party’; Communist membership reduced, by fourfifths, to 10,000. Chen’ Tu-hsiu deposed as CCP secretary. Party drivenunderground. Mao leads peasant uprising in Hunan (August); defeated, he flees to mountainstronghold, Chingkangshan. Nanchang Uprising also defeated. Retreat tocountryside. Canton(Commune) Uprising fails P’eng P’ai leads survivors to HaiLufeng and sets upHailufeng Soviet (1927). Sukarno forms Indonesian Nationalist Party. 1928: Chiang Kai-shekestablishes nominal centralized control over China under National Government (aKuomintang, one party dictatorship). Mao Tse-tung and Chu-Teh join forces at Ching-kangshan, Hunan,form first ‘Red Army’ of Chinaand local soviet. Paris Peace Pact signed by the great powers, renouncing war ‘asan instrument of national policy’.1929: Mao Tse-tung and Chu-Theconquer rural territories around Juichin, Kiangsi,where a soviet government is proclaimed. Commmunist Politburo, dominated by LiLi-san, remains hidden in foreign-controlled ShangHai. Stock market crash in New York. 1930: conflict between Mao’s‘rural soviet’ movement’ and Politburo leader Li Li-san, who favors urbaninsurrections. Red Army led by Mao and P’eng Teh-huai captures Changsha then withdraw. Second assault on ChangSha a costly failure.Li Li-san discredit by Moscow.Chiang Kai-shek launches first major offensive against the Reds. Mao Tse-tung’swife and sister executed in ChangSha.Gandhi leads non-violent civil disobedience in India. 1931: Spain declaresa Republic. Meeting underground in January, in ShangHai, Central Committee of CCP electsWang Ming (Ch’en Shao-yu) general secretary and chief of Party. All-ChinaCongress of Chinese Soviets, convened in deep hinterland of Juichin, elects MaoTse-tung chairman of the first All—China Soviet Government, Chu-Teh militarycommander. In September, Japanbegins conquest of M Chiang Kai-sheksuspends his third ‘annihilation campaign’s’ against Red Army. End of GreatFamine (1929—31) in North-West Cestimated dead, five to ten million. Wang Ming goes to Moscow. Po Ku heads of Shanghai Politburo. 1932: Japan attacks ShangHai,defended by nineteenth Route A unsupported by Chiang Kai-shek, it retreatsto Fukien province. Chiang authorized TangkuTruce, to end Sino-Japanese hostilities. He renews offensive against KiangsiS Reds declare war on Japan.Police in Shanghai International Settlement help Chiang Kai-shek extirpate Redunderground. Politburo chiefs Po Ku, Lo Fu, Liu Shao-ch’i, and Chou En-lai joinMao in Kiangsi Soviet. Roosevelt electedPresident of US.1933: nineteenth Route Army rebels and offersalliance to Reds, which is rejected. Chiang Kai-shek destroys Nineteenth RA,begins a new campaign against Soviet China. Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.1934: Second All-ChinaSoviet Congress re-elects Mao Tse-tung chairman, but party leadership falls to ‘Twenty-eightBolsheviks’. Red Army changes tactics and suffers decisive defeats. Main forcesand party cadre retreat to West China. Politburo meets in Tsunyi,Kweichow, in J elects Mao Tse-tung effective leader of the Party andarmy during Long March to North—West China. In July, Kiangsi Red forcesreach Szechuan and joint troops under Politburo member and Party co-founderChang Kuo-t’ao, driven from soviet areas north of Yangtze River. In enlarged meeting of Politburo, Chang Kuo-t’ao disputesMao’s policy and leadership. R Mao leads southern forces intonew base in North—West China,after one year of almost continuous marching, totaling 6,000 miles. (Chang Kuo’Tao follows him a year later.) Japandemands separation of two north Chinaprovinces, under ‘autonomous’ regime. Japanese troops move into Chinese InnerMongolia set up bogus ‘independent’ state. Ninth December student rebellion in Peking touches off wave of anti-Japanese nationalpatriotic activity. Italyseizes Ethiopia.1936: Mao Tse-tung,interviewed by the author in Pao an, shensi, tells his life story and his accountof the revolution, and offers to end civil war to form a united front against Japan.Mao lectures to the Red Army Uhis On the Tactics of fighting Japanese Imperialism and Strategic Problems in China’s revolutionary War became doctrinal basisof new stage of untied front against Japan. Spurning Communist’s offerof a truce (first made on 1 August 1935), Chiang Kai-shek mobilizes for ‘finalannihilation of Reds in North-West.The SianIncident, in December: Chiang Kai-Shek ‘arrested’ by his deputycommander-in-chief, Chiang Hsueh-liang, exiled Manchurian leader. Marshal Changinsists that Chiang accept national united front against Japan.Following Chiang Kai-shek’s release, and undeclared truce in civil war,Kuomingtang opens negotiations with CCP and its ‘anti-Japanese government’based in Yenan, Shensi. & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &4.第一次国内革命战争即国共内战1927年：斯大林战胜托洛茨基。3月**发布了《湖南农**动考察报告》。报告称‘贫农’为中国革命的主要力量，要求没收地主财产。这一论点受到中国共产党中央委员会的否决。4月，蒋介石领导了**组织‘砍头党’，共产党党员数量减少了4/5只剩1万人。陈独秀辞去党总书记职务。共产党成为地下组织。**领导了湖南农民**，被打败后撤退到井冈山山区的革命堡垒中。南仓起义也被打败，撤退到乡村地区。广州起义失败，彭湃带着生还者来到海陆丰建立海陆丰苏维埃政权。苏加诺成立印尼国民党。1928年：蒋介石确立了国民党****和名义上的中央政府。**和朱德在湖南省井冈山会师，成立了第一支中国工农红军，建立了地方苏维埃政权。列强签署《巴黎和平协定》宣布“放弃以战争协调国家关系”1929年：**和朱德的部队占领江西瑞金附近的农村地域，宣布苏维埃政府成立。李立三领导的中国共产党中央政治局依旧隐藏在外国势力盘踞之上海。纽约股市崩盘。1930年：**的农村苏维埃运动路线同李立三中央政治局的城市**路线发生冲突。**和彭德怀领导的工农红军占领长沙后又撤出。第二次进攻长沙红军遭受重大损失。李立三被莫斯科质疑。蒋介石对红军发动了第一次围剿。**的妻子和姐姐在长沙遭到杀害。 甘地在印度发动了非暴力不合作运动。1931年：西班牙共和国成立。1月，中国共产党中央委员会在上海秘密会务，王明当选为总书记。苏维埃全国代表大会在江西瑞金这个穷乡僻壤召开，选举**为中华苏维埃共和国主席，朱德为总司令。9月日本开始占领满洲地区。蒋介石延迟了对红军的第三次围剿。中国西北地区1929年到1931年大饥荒过去，估算有500万到1000万人死于饥荒。王明去了莫斯科，博古领导上海中央政治局。1932年：日本进攻由19路军把守的上海。19路军的抵抗没有受到蒋介石支持，被迫撤退到福建。蒋介石签署了《塘沽协定》，以“终止中日之间的寇仇”。 蒋恢复了对江西苏维埃政权的围剿。红军对日宣战。国际清算警察协助蒋介石拔除上海的共产党地下组织。中央政治局主要成员博古、**和周恩来加入**的江西苏维埃政权。罗斯福当选为美国总统。1933年：19陆军谋反为红军提供支持被拒绝。蒋介石撤销了第19路军番号，开始对苏维埃共和国发动新的围剿。希特勒当选为德国总理。1934年：中华苏维埃共和国第二次代表大会再次选举**为主席，但党的领导权落入二十八个布尔什维克手中。红军改变了反围剿策略，第五次反围剿遭到重大失败。红军主力和党的干部向中国西北撤离。1月，中央政治局在贵州遵义召开会议，在向大西北转移过程中选举**为党和红军的主要领导人。7月江西的中央红军在四川与中央政治局成员和党的创始人之一张国焘领导的红军会师。张国焘领导的红军是被从扬子江以北建立之苏区赶过来的。在中央政治局扩大会议中，张国焘质疑**的策略和领导地位。红军发生**。**领导南方红军经历25，000里长征耗时1年在西北建立新了新的根据地。张国焘一年之后也跟了过来。日本要求华北两省自治。日军进驻内蒙古地区建立伪自治政权。北平一·二九抗日学生爱国运动激起全民族抗日热潮。意大利占领埃塞俄比亚。1936年：**在陕西省保安地区接受了本篇作者的采访。他讲诉了自己的故事，进行了对革命过程的陈述，提出通过建立抗日民族统一战线来终止内战。**在红军大学讲学。他写的《论反对日本帝国主义的策略》和《中国革命战争的战略问题》成为了新抗日统一战线之理论基础。蒋介石鄙视共产党方面提出的停战建议从日就开始调集部队对西北红军实施“最后的清缴”。11月，西安事变爆发：蒋介石被从东北**出来的副总司令张学良拘捕。张学良将军要求蒋介石接受全民族抗日统一战线。随着蒋介石被释放和未宣称的内战休战，国民党打开了同共产党谈判之大门。抗日政府在陕西延安成立。
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&5. United Front’s Against Japan:The Great Patriotic, or Anti-Japanese, War. ()1937: In July, Japanmassively invades China.Agreement signed for joint Nationalist—Communist war of resistance against Japan. ChineseSoviet Government dissolved but continues as autonomous regime. Red Armybecomes Eighth Routeand New Fourth armies under Chiang’s nominal command. Mao writes theoreticalworks, On contradiction and On Practice. Italyleaves the League of Nations.& &&&1938:Mao outlines Communists’ wartime political and military ends and meansin On the New Stage, On the Protracted War, and Strategic Problem in theAnti-Japanese Guerrilla War. Chang Kuo-t’ao, expelled from the CCP, entersKuomintang areas. Mao becomes undisputed leader of Party. Japanese armiesoverwhelm North China. Nationalists retreat towest. Communists organize partisans far behind Japanese lines. Nazi Germanyannexes Austria and Czechoslovakia.1939: Mao’s On the New Democracy outlines class basis of united front,intimates future coalition government structure. Rapid expansion of Communistcadres and military forces. Hitler-Stalin pact. German attacks Poland. Withoutbreak of European war, Yenan blocked by nationalist troops. : Breakdown of practical cooperation between Communists andNationalists follows Chiang Kai-shek’s attack on New Fourth Army. Chen’Yibecomes its commander. After Pearl Harbor,Kuomintang relics on American aid while Communists vigorously expanded guerillaareas.1942: CCP ‘rectification’ campaign centers on Wang Ming and Moscow-trained ‘dogmatists’;Mao’s ‘native’ leadership enhanced. 1943: Mao Tse-tung credited (by Liu Shao-ch’i) with having ‘created aChinese or Asiatic form of Marxism’. Attraction of ‘New Democracy’ provewidespread among peasan Kuomintang morale and fightingcapacity rapidly decline. Chou En-lai claims 800,000 Party members, ahalf-million troops and trained militia, in ‘liberated areas’ exceeding 100million population. Fascism collapses in Italy. By decree, Stalin abolishesthe Comintern. 1944: US Army ‘observers’ arrive in Yenan, Communist ‘guerilla’ capital. Alliedlanding in Normandy.President Roosevelt re-elected. 1945: Seventh National Congress of CCP (April) claims Party membership of1,200,000, with armed forces of 900,000. Germany defeated. Russia entersFar E signs alliance with ChiangKai-shek’s government. Mao’s reportOn Coalition Government becomes formal basis of Communist-led forces floodNorth China and Manchuria, competing withAmerican-armed Nationalists. US Ambassador Hurley flies Mao Tse-tung to Chungking to negotiate with Chiang Kai-shek. Yalta pact promises TaiWanto China.Death of Roosevelt. Truman uses atomic bomb onHiroshima. Endof Second World War. & && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&6. SecondCommunist-Nationalist Civil War1946: Nationalist and Communists fail to agree on ‘Coalition government’;in June the Second Civil War, called by the communists the war of liberation,begins. Under Soviet Russian occupation, Eastern Europe‘goes red’.1947: Mao’s The Present Situation and Our Tasks outlines strategic andtactical plans, calling for general offensive against Nationalists. TrumanDoctrine proclaimed in Greece.1948: Despite US aid to Nationalists, their defeat in Manchuriais overwhelming. Yugoslaviais expelled from Cominform, postwar successor the Comintern. 1949: As his armies disintegrate, Chiang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan. Over therest of Chinathe People’s Liberation Army is victorious. In March the Central Committee ofthe CCP, led by Mao, arrives in Peking.Atlantic Pact (NATO) proclaimed. US ‘White **’ Blamed Chiang’s ‘reactionaries’for ‘loss of China’. & && && && && && && && && & 5.抗日民族统一战线：伟大民族解放战争即抗日战争1937年：7月，日本发动全面侵华战争。国共共同签署了《国共合作抗战宣言》。中华苏维埃全国政府解散，苏维埃政权实行区域自治。红军改编为蒋介石统一领导下的八路军和新四军。**撰写了理论著作《矛盾论》和《实践论》。意大利脱离国联。1938年：**在《新的阶段》、《论持久战》和《抗日游击战的策略问题》等著作里从政治和军事上概括了红军的前途命运和策略。张国焘被开除党籍，进入国统区。**成为无可争议的中国共产党领导人。日本侵略军控制了整个华北。国民党军队向中国西部撤退。共产党组织了敌后抗日游击战。纳粹德国吞并奥地利和捷克斯洛伐克。1939年：**在《论新民主主义》中概括了抗日统一战线的阶级基础，详述未来联合政府的构架。共产党干部和武装力量迅速扩大。《苏德互不侵犯条约》签订。德国闪击波兰。随着欧战爆发，延安被国民党部队封锁。&&1940年—1941年：随着蒋介石对新四军的进攻，国共合作事实上破裂。陈毅成为新的新四军军长。珍珠港事件爆发以后，蒋介石依赖美国援助而共产党积极扩展了游击区。1942年：中国共产党纠正了王明左倾冒险主义错误路线和苏联教育模式的教条主义路线，加强了**的民族领导地位。1943年：**认为**思想开辟了中国乃至亚洲地区的马列主义模式。《论新民主主义》广泛地在农民和知识分子间传播。国民党的士气和战斗力遭到极大挫伤。周恩来宣称解放区人口达到1千万上下，有党员80万人，受过军事训练的武装力量50万人。意大利法西斯政权崩溃。斯大林部分废除了共产国际。1944年：美**事观察家进入红色游击区首都延安。盟军诺曼底登陆。罗斯福再次当选为美国总统。1945年：中国共产党第七次代表大会召开，宣称拥有120万党员，90万武装部队。德国战败。苏联卷入远东战事，签署同蒋介石政府的盟约。欧战胜利日以后,共产党部队席卷了整个华北和满洲地区，同美国武装起来的国民党部队展开军事竞争。美国大使赫尔利让**飞到重庆同蒋介石谈判。雅尔塔协定承诺台湾回归中国。罗斯福逝世。杜鲁门向广岛投掷了原子弹。第二次世界大战结束。& && && && && && && && && && & 6.第二次国内革命战争及人民解放战争1946年：国共双方没有能够就联合政府达成共识。6月，第二次国内革命战争即解放战争爆发。在苏联占领下的东欧走向**。1947年：**在《目前形势和我们的任务》中概括了当时的战略战术，号召对国民党**派发起全面进攻。希腊公布了“杜鲁门主义”1948年：国民党**派尽管有美国支持，其在东北地区的失败却不可挽回。南斯拉夫被驱逐出共产党情报局，该机构是战后共产国际的继承者。1949年：蒋介石在其军队被打败之后逃亡台湾地区。解放军在全国都取得了胜利。4月，**领导下的党中央开进北京。北大西洋公约组织宣布成立。美国国家白皮书谴责蒋介石**集团丧失了整个中国。&&
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& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&7. The Chinese People’s Republic (1949—)
1949:Based on Mao’s The People’s Democracy Dictatorship, a People’s Political Consultative Conference is convened, in form representing workers, peasants, intellectuals, national bourgeoisie. Chinese People’s Government organized, with Mao elected chairman. On 1 October, Chinese People’s Republic formally proclaimed in Peking. Mao announces foreign policy of ‘leaning to one side’(towards USSR). Great Britain, Soviet Russia, Norway, The Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland recogniz the United States withdraw its diplomats from China. Mao Tse-tung leaves for Moscow—his first trip abroad. US Communist Party leaders convicted of advocating violent overthrew of the government.
1950: Mao concludes Sino-Sovie Stalin grants China $300,000,000 loan. Korean War breaks out (June) and Chinese ‘Volunteers’ intervene (October). India proclaims independence.
: With Soviet aid, Chinese resistance in Korea continues. American forces, barred from carrying war into China by UN and Allied policies, hold positions at Thirty—eighth Parallel in Korea. First hydrogen bomb exploded (1952) by USA.
1953: Stalin dies. Korean armistice signed. US forms alliance with Chiang Kai-shek, ** TaiWan US protectorate. Peking announces First Five-Year Plan. Soviet grants support for 156 large-scale Chinese projects. Moscow agrees to liquidate Soviet-Chinese joint enterprises and withdraw all troops from China. Rosenbergs executed in the US.
1954: Khrushchev first visits Peking. Land reform (redistribution) completed. Agriculture cooperatives lay basis for collectivization (1957). State establishes partnerships with remaining private enterprise, preliminary to complete nationalization (1957). Geneva Accords end French power in Indochina and recognize independence of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Under the influence of Secretary of state John Foster Gulles, the Eisenhower administration takes ‘note’ of Geneva Accords, but begins intervention in support of Ngo Dinh Diem.
1955: At Bandung Conference (twenty-nine Afro-Asian nations) China seeks broader anti-imperialist role against US and allies. China’s ‘foreign aid’ program competes with that of the USSR. War-saw Pact signed by USSR and East European satellites.
1956: Khrushchev denounces Stalin at Twentieth Congress of CPSU. He proclaims end of personality cult and beginning if collective leadership. ‘Hundred Flowers” period invites criticism of CCP from dissatisfied Chinese intellectuals. H Peking backs suppression. China publishes important Maoist thesis, On the Historical Experience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat, acknowledging continued ‘contradiction’ within and between socialist states.
1957: Mao’s On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the people defines limitations of criticism in r advances thesis of ‘unity-criticism’ as dialectical process to isolate ‘enemies of socialism’ and peaceful resolve ‘non-antagonistic’ conflicts of interest between the state, the party and ‘the people’. Russia agrees to supply sample atom bomb to China and help in unclear weapons development. Sputnik launched. At November conference in Moscow, Mao discerns a ‘turning point’: the ‘East Wind is prevailing over the West Wind’ He contends socialist forces outbalance capitalist forces. Thesis disputed by Russians. Break-up of Sino-Soviet unity begins.
1958: China announces Second Five year Plan. Year of the ‘Great Leap Forward’ and People’s Communes. Peking’s Threat to liberate TaiWan provokes Sino—American crisis. Khrushchev withholds unconditional unclear support for China, and Peking declines to place Chinese forces under Soviet military command. Sino-Soviet differences developed. First US space satellite launched.
1959: In the decisive Party plenum held at Lushan Mao Tse-tung has a difficult struggle to replace P’eng Teh-huai by Lin Piao as defense minster. Part of the price of his victory was, apparently, his own replacement by Liu Shao-ch’i as chairman of the government. During October anniversary celebrations Khrushchev again visits Peking, where he declares ‘Imperialist war is not inevitable’ His advocacy of ‘peaceful coexistence’ with ‘American imperialism’ is sharply rejected by Chinese. China gets no A-Bomb and Mao loses confidence in Khrushchev. Tibetan rebellion. Dalai ** flees to India. During China’s disputes with India and Indonesia, Khrushchev offers aid to the latter. He disparages Chinese people’s communes. Castro takes power in Cuba. As US increases armed intervention, aimed to separate South Vietnam from the Republic, President Ho Chi Minh backs People’s Liberation War in the South.
1960: In July, Moscow recalls all Soviet advisers from China, cancels more than 300 contracts withdraws technical help. At Moscow international Party conference (November), Sino-Soviet ‘contradictions’ intensify. Chinese openly identify Khrushchev as ‘revisionist’. Russians accuse Mao of seeking ‘world holocaust’. Massive crop failure and industrial dislocation in China. As Sino-Indian frontier incidents grow serious, Khrushchev plays neutral role, continues economic aid to India. John F. Kennedy elected US president.
& && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && && &&&& &7.中华人民共和国时期(本表涵盖1949年至1971年阶段)1949年：召集了以**为领导的，人民民主专政的人民政治协商会议。政协在形式上代表工人、农民、知识分子和民族资产阶级。中华人民共和国中央人民政府成立，由**担任主席。10月1日在北京正式宣布中华人民共和国成立。**宣布在外交上实行“单边倾向”（倾向于苏联）。英国、苏联、挪威、荷兰、瑞典、芬兰、瑞士当即率先承认了中华人民共和国。美国撤出了驻华使节。**前往莫斯科，那是他第一次出国。美国共产党领袖因支持暴力推}